Term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Term Paper Example Among the properties that matter in thermodynamics and the principles applied hereby, specific heat of a substance occurs to be one of the most significant, particularly as it relates to heat, being itself the quantity of heat required for a unit mass of the substance to experience a degree of temperature change. Analyzing this truth in association to a changing weather should make us ponder on the connection between specific heat and the capacity of an object to withstand real climatic variations. It appears that the higher a material’s specific heat is, the more that such material is capable of holding large amounts of energy, in the form of heat, prior to weakening or wearing down by external forces of nature. Hence, engineers calculate and design hand-in-hand with thermodynamic concepts and prefer schemes where building structures can be optimized with materials that possess ideal specific heat capacities in order to carry out tasks that would be disposed to reduce any fut ure risks of unexpected breakage, impairment, or deterioration when allowable stress or strain is exceeded due to materials that have not been properly assessed in terms of heat capacity. Through the First Law of Thermodynamics which is mathematically stated by – ?U = Q + W we gain fuller comprehension of how energy is conserved as heat and work, being each a form of energy, becomes a sum equivalent to the internal energy of a system in a material dealt with. In materials used for construction such as metal, concrete, glass, sand, or gravel, the stresses which any of these can either bear or not are altogether identified via heat (Q) and work (W) in and out of the system. Thus, considering the sensible ‘Q’ property, especially one that deals with temperature change, specific heat serves a critical tool that partly enables an engineering professional to decide which materials make an exquisite choice. Eventually, a calorimetric approach of determining an objectâ⠂¬â„¢s specific heat, if initially unknown in literature, turns out to be an interesting piece of endeavour. In this regard, a thermodynamic process can be improvised for analysing specific heats of commonly utilized construction materials (as metal and sand) in a comprehensive and systematic simple experimental procedure. Determination of Specific Heat of Metal and of Sand Problem Statement / Purpose Determination of specific heats of certain materials can be carried out in a basic setting in which only heating and measuring temperature are the only tasks involved on the assumption that the value of the heat or energy used is derived from a power input typically in Watts or J/s. The objective of the experiment is to find out the specific heats of metal and sand, respectively, by having each substance reach a certain temperature when on heating. Each heated substance would be placed in a calorimeter containing water (independent setup for each of metal and sand) where temperature ch ange of water would be monitored under time intervals until it stabilizes to a maximum equilibrium temperature. Background The specific heat of any material determines the amount of

Constraints of literacy in developing countries Essay Example for Free

Constraints of literacy in developing countries Essay Poverty and illiteracy go hand in hand. Majority of the illiterate women live in countries with increasing economic difficulties and enormous debt burdens. The existence of multiple causes such as discrimination and deprivation against the female population is easily revealed (E. Malmaquist, 1992:19-20). Two hypothesis (1) barriers and (2) effects are constraints of literacy. Both will be examined and broken down for better understanding as to why they correlate with education to affect womens development.coge ger segegew orge gek inge foge ge. Several barriers reveal important patterns and trends in womens education in developing countries[1]. Each indicators leads to the same conclusions: the level of female education is low in the poorest countries, with just a handful of exceptions and by any measure the gender gap is largest in these countries.[2]cogg ggr seggggw orgg ggk ingg fogg gg.  Literacy Ratescoef efr seefefw oref efk inef foef ef. Literacy is one of the principal goals of education around the world. The ability to read and write is considered almost a basic human right. Yet low literacy rates prevail among women in many developing countries a staggering figure of twenty percent for female adult literacy rate (E. King, etal, 1997: 2). According to Malmquist (1992) women often face practical barriers to their participation in literacy programmes[3] (19). One must realize that even though literacy is not the only means to development it should be considered an essential instrument in the right direction to growth potential (25). This work from www.academicdb.com In Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Nepal, Somalia and Sudan, fewer than ten percent of women are literate, while male literacy rate is not so low. The percentages of men who are literate are three to four times larger. Among other countries the gender gap is noticeable large: Libya 30%, China 38%, Zaire 26%, Botswana 21% and Turkey 23%.[4]coge ger segegew orge gek inge foge ge. Obstacles to literacy  Womens place is in the home. Subsequently, we have heard this phrase many times over. In several developing countries, this saying is true for while the men folk are away from the home, the women take over the mens work while attending to their customary chores. On their shoulder lie the responsibilities of the household, children and the work of the fields. Even though men work from sunrise to sunset, a womans work is never done. Many women rise at four or five oclock in the morning with a lot of chores to be completed before day is done. [5]coca car secacaw orca cak inca foca ca: Frequently a woman covers long distance carrying wood, water and farm products (K. Chlebowska, 1990: 83). It is no wonder these women have no opportunity in pursuing an education that will enable them in their developmental process if they have no time for the betterment of themselves.coca car secacaw orca cak inca foca ca; Educationcoaf afr seafafw oraf afk inaf foaf af;  According to Chlebowska, in 1985 some 130 million children[6] eighty percent of who were girls did not attend school. Insufficient numbers attending school, dropout and absenteeism are variables of the education of girls. Distance from school is one of several obstacles to school attendance. In rural areas where transport facilities are limited, parents hesitate to send their daughters to a remote school outside villages or homes. If transport exists they are not free and parent who are poor must either abandon schooling or make a choice, which is always the determinant of the girl staying at home (K. Chlebowska, 1990: 72). sabir4u, please do not redistribute this project. We work very hard to create this website, and we trust our visitors to respect it for the good of other students. Please, do not circulate this project elsewhere on the internet. Anybody found doing so will be permanently banned. School dropout is more frequent amongst girls. Also engagement, marriage and motherhood contribute to school dropout. The percentage of girls in primary schools in developing countries is lower than that of boys. A case in point is in Africa in1987 the rate of enrolment of boys aged 6 to 11 was 69% and that of girls only 56% for the same age group. In Asia 77% boys attended school while 59% girls did not (73). sabir4u, please do not redistribute this paper. We work very hard to create this website, and we trust our visitors to respect it for the good of other students. Please, do not circulate this paper elsewhere on the internet. Anybody found doing so will be permanently banned. In summing one can ascertain that under-attendance of girls at school attributes to less being able to neither read nor write. The reasons are that many of these girls live in rural areas and are generally poor. Parents do not see the attendance of their daughters in school a necessity and not essential when there are household chores to be performed, which in the eyes of mothers and grandparents are more important than education, whereas it is for boys as they turn out to become heads of the households (K. Chlebowska, 1990: 74).coec ecr seececw orec eck inec foec ec; As we have observed there are constraints put into place, which affect womens literacy in developing countries. Subsequently, it is more difficult for women and girls to acquire an education while boys are given more of an opportunity to do so. As a result, due to this kind of restriction on women the manifestation of gender-gap has astronomical influence that is irreparable.codb dbr sedbdbw ordb dbk indb fodb db.

Organopalladium Reagents and Intermediates

Organopalladium Reagents and Intermediates Joà £o T. V. Matos Table of contents Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Organopalladium reagents and intermediates 2.1. The characteristic features for the use of palladium in organometallic chemistry 2.1.1. Oxidation States of Palladium 2.2. Preparation of organopalladium reagents and intermediates 2.2.1. Ï€-Ally Palladium Complexes 2.2.2. Cyclic aryl palladium complexes 2.2.3. Palladium Olefin and Diene Complexes 2.2.4. Palladium-TV-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes 2.3. Methods for structural characterisation of organopalladium reagents 2.3.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 2.3.2. Infrared spectroscopy 2.3.3. X-Ray crystallography 3. Applications of palladium-catalysed organic reactions 3.1. Palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions 3.1.1. The Heck reaction 3.1.2. The Stille Reaction 3.1.3. The Suzuki reaction 3.1.4. The Negishi Reaction 3.1.5. The Sonogashira Reaction 3.1.6. The Tsuji–Trost Reaction 4. Final remarks Bibliography 1. Introduction Organometallic chemistry is discipline devoted to the study, not only of the compounds and intermediate species with metal-carbon bonds, but also the comprehensive study of all transformations and interaction between organic molecules and a inorganic metal from the main groups, transition series, lanthanides and actinides (Astruc, 2007; Crabtree, 2005). This interface discipline, between classical organic chemistry, coordination chemistry and inorganic chemistry, has proved, in the last decades, very useful to provide some important conceptual insights, new structures, and catalysts for different applications areas of organic synthesis, both in the academic and in the industrial fields (Crabtree, 2005). Organometallic chemistry also began to have a major impact on other areas such as: biochemistry with the discovery of enzymes that carry out organometallic catalysis; chemistry of materials due to the proprieties of some organometallic compounds to be used was precursors for depositin g materials on various substrates via thermal decomposition of the metal compound; nanoscience and nanotechnology due to the proprieties of some organometallic compounds to be used precursors for nanoparticles; and green chemistry by minimizing both energy use and chemical waste of several organic synthesis (Crabtree, 2005). The first organometallic substance to be prepared was synthesized in 1760, in a military pharmacy in Paris, by Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt. This French chemist, who was working on cobalt-containing inks, used arsenic-containing cobalt salts for their preparation. From this work was resulted the so-called â€Å"Cadet’s fuming liquid† which contains a mixture of tetramethyldiarsine and cacadoyl oxide (the first documented organometallic compound) by carrying out the following reaction (Equation (1)): (1) However, despise several organometallic compound discovered, along the eighteenth and nineteenth century’s, the truly â€Å"boom† of organometallic chemistry only occurred during the third quarter of the twenty century, in especially in countries like the United States of America, England and Germany (Astruc, 2007). One of the facts that contributed to this was the recognition of the potential of some d-block transition metals (i.e. nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium) organometallic reagents and intermediates as superior catalysts for new bond formation (i.e. carbon-carbon bonds) and their unique property to activate a wide range of organic molecules (Negishi, 2002; Schlosser, 2013). In this review, one of these d-block transition metals and their organometallic reagents based and intermediates will be put in broader perspective, the palladium. The use of this metal, has truly revolutionized the organic synthesis field over the last three decades, being nowadays, the most widely used element in organic synthesis (Crabtree, 2005). Probably the most notable example of its importance of the palladium intermediates as catalyst in organic synthesis is the attribution, by the Swedish Nobel Committee, of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki for their work in palladium-catalysed cross couplings in organic synthesis (Nobelprize.org, 2013). This review will attempt to highlight some of the outstanding properties of the organopalladium reagents and intermediates, identifying the main ways of preparation of these components, some of the most important analysis procedures to obtain their structural characterization, and prese nt some of the numerous applications and reactions where these compounds play an important role. 2. Organopalladium reagents and intermediates 2.1. The characteristic features for the use of palladium in organometallic chemistry Palladium is a chemical element discovered and isolated in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston who named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered a year before. Is a transition metal and belong to the 10th group, 5 period, and d-block of the periodic table. This atom, with atomic number of 46 and average atomic weight of 106.4 could occur naturally in seven isotopes, which includes six stable isotopes. Palladium, is nowadays one of the most versatile, selective, ubiquitous and significant metals used for organic synthesis and had truly impacted this field in the last four decades (Negishi, 2002). This fact is mainly because no other transition metals can offer such versatile to the abundance of possibilities of carbon–carbon bond formation that the palladium reagents and intermediates can offer (Tsuji, 2004). Furthermore, despite the palladium complexes are, in several reactions, highly reactive are stable enough to be used as recyclable reagents and intermediates, in catalytic processes (Negishi, 2002). In this sense palladium-mediated processes have become essential in several applications, namely in the syntheses of natural products, polymers, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals (Caspi, 2008). Despite the palladium being a rare and very expensive noble metal, there are several characteristic features and chemical properties which make reactions involving palladium reagents and intermediates particularly suitable in organic synthesis. One of the most important characteristic feature appears to be its moderately large atomic size factor which contribute to the moderate stability of its compounds and their controlled but wide-ranging reactivity leading (Negishi, 2002; Tsuji, 2004). Furthermore, its moderated size associated with high d-electron count, and its relatively high electronegativity (2.20 and 1.57 in Pauling and Sanderson scales, respectively), classified this element as â€Å"soft† element, which makes it a real alternative to the more traditional and â€Å"hard† organometallic reagents, such as the magnesium (Grignard) and lithium compounds (Negishi, 2002). Other important characteristic features is the tolerance from the palladium reagents and inter mediates to several functional groups (i.e. carbonyl and hydroxy groups) and which means that the palladium-catalysed reactions can be carried out without protection of these functional groups (Tsuji, 2004). Furthermore, palladium reagents and intermediates have a low tendency to undergo one-electron or generate radical in the reaction processes, reducing the possibility of unwanted side reactions and making the palladium-catalysed reactions quite clean and selective. Finally, another important feature, especially in the green chemistry context is their lack of toxicity problems associated and therefore they do not require too many special handling cares (Negishi, 2002). 2.1.1. Oxidation States of Palladium The most common oxidation states of palladium are 0, +1, +2, +3, and +4 (Pd(0), Pd(I), Pd(II), Pd(III), and Pd(IV), respectively). The palladium oxidation states of +1, +2, +3, and +4 correspond to d9, d8, d7, and d6 electron configurations, respectively, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1.Representative d electron configuration of Pd(I), Pd(II), Pd(III), and Pd(IV) oxidation states (based on reference (Mirica and Khusnutdinova, 2013)) The vast majority of palladium-catalysed reactions, until the beginning of the twentieth-one century, were only focused in the reactions involving Pd(0) and Pd(II) oxidation states, since Palladium strongly favours this two oxidation states (Mirica and Khusnutdinova, 2013; Negishi, 2002). Despite the bulk of the organopalladium literature is centered on the use of Pd(0) and Pd(II) oxidation states, already in 2002, in the Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, Negishi point out that the utilization of other oxidation states (Pd(II), Pd(III), or Pd(IV)), although it is still very rare, could become o be very significant in the future (Negishi, 2002). More than ten years later, and with the rapid evolution in the organopalladium chemistry, complexes with palladium in these oxidation states, especially the Pd(IV), have demonstrated their potential and they improved significantly their role in organic synthesis. Although the development of Pd(IV) chemistry has just begun, this has already made possible the development of a number of significant new transformations. Pd(IV)-catalysed reactions usually show a high selectivity and synthetic robustness, and in almost all of them the use of catalysts are generated in situ from commercially available palladium salts, making them particularly attractive from the viewpoint of cost effectiveness (Muà ±iz, 2009). However, by comparison with the Pd(0), Pd(III), or Pd(IV), complexes of odd-electron Pd(I) and Pd(III) oxidation states are much less used. Yet, despite the study of this oxidation states remains in its infancy, Pd(I) complexes have already been employed as pre-catalysts in organic synthesis (Canty, 2011) and despite the potential role of Pd(III) intermediates in catalysis is currently more speculative, this subject beginning to emerge considerable interest, as can be highlighted by the different articles and reviews on the subject (Canty, 2011; Mirica and Khusnutdinova, 2013; Powers and Ritter, 2011). 2.2. Preparation of organopalladium reagents and intermediates In the majority of the organic reactions that use palladium as catalyst, the organopalladium species are generated in situ during the course of the reaction, instead of a preparation of stoichiometric organopalladium reagents, ensuring that only a catalytic amount of palladium is used. In these cases, the reaction mechanisms should include a step were the organopalladium species are formed, the steps in which the formed species react with other reagents to generate a particular product(s), and the step in which organopalladium species are regenerated in a catalytically active form (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). There are several types of organopalladium intermediates extensively used in reactions with considerable importance in several synthetic applications. As reviewed by Schlosser (2013), more than 64000 entities with a palladium-carbon bond are known. Consequently, in this review, only the preparation of some of the most common organopalladium reagents and intermediates will be addressed. As special cares to have in the preparation of these complexes, palladium complexes, unlike the organometallics from the Group I and Group II, are not water sensitive. Consequently, in almost cases, strict exclusion of water is not necessary. Although, some reactions can beneficiate from the presence of water traces or can even be performed in water as solvent or co-solvent. Furthermore, palladium complexes could be quite to moderately air stable. Consequently, it is advised to conduct reactions using these complexes under an inert gas (i.e. argon or nitrogen) (Schlosser, 2013). 2.2.1. Ï€-Ally Palladium Complexes One of the most important organopalladium intermediates are Ï€-allyl complexes. The most common Ï€-allyl palladium complex, the dimer [(n3-C3H5)PdCl]2, was discovered more than 50 years, serves as starting material for a number of other complexes (Schlosser, 2013). Ï€-allyl complexes, can be synthesize from Pd(II) salts, allylic acetates, and other compounds with the potential of leaving groups in an allylic position, or can be prepared directly from alkenes by reaction with PdCl2 or Pd(O2CCF3)2. In this second scenario, the reaction occurs by electrophilic attack on the Ï€ electrons followed by loss of a proton, as represented in Scheme 1 (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). Scheme 1.Synthesize of Ï€-Ally Palladium Complexes by electrophilic attack on the Ï€ electrons (based on reference (Carey and Sundberg, 2007)). Due to the low electrophilic power, these complexes usually reacted with less-substituted allylic terminus of a variety of nucleophiles. After this reaction occurs, the resulting organopalladium intermediate breaks down by elimination of Pd(0) and H+, as described in Scheme 2 (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). Scheme 2.The overall transformation of the allylic substitution. (based on reference (Carey and Sundberg, 2007)). 2.2.2. Cyclic aryl palladium complexes Another important organopalladium intermediates are the cyclic aryl palladium complexes, or palladacycles (Schlosser, 2013). This complexes, are quite relevant role in cascade transformations leading to complex molecular architectures, in the proximally) directed arylation reactions, and in several intramolecular cross-coupling reactions (Beletskaya and Cheprakov, 2004). Palladacycles intermediates can easily be obtained by palladation reactions starting from Pd(II) salts and an arene having a directing group (Schlosser, 2013). Scheme 3.Palladacycles intermediates obtained by palladation reactions (R = NR2, PR2, etc., and Y = alkyl, aryl, etc.). Based on reference (Schlosser, 2013). In the cases where the directing group is an amine (e.g., benzyl or homobenzyl amines) or a phosphine (e.g., aryl phosphines), as represented in the Scheme 3A, the mechanism occurs by an electrophilic addition to the arene, and could include Pd(IV) intermediates. On the other hand, as represented in the Scheme 3B, Alkylarenes can also be substrates for palladacycles, in which, the activation of sp3-carbons next to an arene is presumably forced by agostic interactions (Schlosser, 2013). 2.2.3. Palladium Olefin and Diene Complexes The major group of organopalladium intermediates are the palladium Olefin and Diene Complexes. Pd(II) complexes having olefin ligands (i.e. 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD), norbornene, or norbornadiene) can be obtained by reaction of Pd(II) chloride in the presence of the appropriate alkene (Carey and Sundberg, 2007; Schlosser, 2013). In this reaction the alkenes react with Pd(II) to give Ï€ complexes that are subject to nucleophilic attack. However, the products formed from the resulting intermediates are depending of the specific reaction conditions used. In the first case, represented in Scheme 4 as the path a, palladium can be replaced by hydrogen under reductive conditions. On the other hand, in the absence of a reducing agent occurs the obliteration of the Pd(0) and a proton, leading to the substitution of a vinyl hydrogen by the nucleophile, as represented in path b of the Scheme 4. (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). Scheme 4.Synthesize of the Palladium Olefin complexes. Based on reference (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). However, it is important to note that several of these palladium Olefin and Diene complexes are already commercially available (Schlosser, 2013). 2.2.4. Palladium-TV-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes Palladium-TV-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) complexes have been recently introduced as powerful ligands for palladium. These NHC complexes have as main advantage the fact that they are quite stable, easy to handle, air-stable and can be easily be prepared from the ligand and palladium precursors (Chartoire et al., 2012; Schlosser, 2013). The NHC-based palladium complexes have been used very successfully for a series of different reactions, namely some cross-coupling reactions and aryl amination (Chartoire et al., 2012; Schlosser, 2013). In Figure 2 are shown some examples of these NHC-palladium catalysts, already used to ensure the efficiency of those reactions. Figure 2.Examples of NHC-palladium complexes: A) [Pd(NHC)(R-allyl)Cl] developed by Nolan; B) [Pd-PEPPSI-NHC] developed by Organ; and C) [Pd(IPr*)(cinnamyl)Cl] developed by Chartoire et al.. Figure adapted from the reference (Chartoire et al., 2012). 2.3. Methods for structural characterisation of organopalladium reagents The identification and structural characterization of the organopalladium reagents and intermediates, is of utmost importance in organic synthesis field, to understand the behaviour and proprieties of these compounds. However, it can be quite challenging and somewhat tricky task to accomplish. To achieve the identification and structural characterization of the organopalladium reagents and intermediates, the main analytical methods used rely on the complementarity of information provide from spectroscopic and crystallographic techniques, such as multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray crystallography. 2.3.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy is certainly the key methodology to elucidate molecular structures in solution. Consequently, just as has already happened in organic chemistry or biochemistry, it is now routine to measure NMR spectra of diamagnetic organometallic and coordination compounds. Nowadays, on a routine basis, organometallic chemists daily measure hundreds or even thousands NMR spectra, not only to identify and characterize the molecular structure of a given organometallic but also to verify if a reaction has taken place (Pregosin, 2012). The most investigated active nuclei in organometallic chemistry are, by far, 1H and 13C. However, there are several others readily measurable spin =  ½ nuclei, such as 15N, 19F and 31P, that provide structurally valuable chemical shifts and a diagnostic spin-spin coupling constants. Furthermore, often the measure of 1H and 13C NMR spectra alone may not be sufficient, especially when it is necessary understand the immediate environment of the metal canter and these probes are spaced apart from the metal (Pregosin, 2012). NMR is therefore widely applied for analysis to organopalladium reagents. For example, 1H NMR is the most reliable characterization technique which can be used on hydridopalladium complexes (Negishi, 2002). Moreover, there are several examples in the literature of the application of multinuclear NMR to organopalladium complexes (Leznoff et al., 1999; Paà ±ella et al., 2006; Satake et al., 2000; Schlosser, 2013). Even the 15N, and 31P NMR methodologies, are also are widely used in the characterization of organopalladium reagents, being possible to find studies in this field with more than thirty years (Motschi et al., 1979). 2.3.2. Infrared spectroscopy Infrared (IR) spectroscopy provides the spectral information corresponding to vibrational modes of a molecule. The position of the bands in the Infrared (IR) spectrum depends mainly of the on the strength of the bond(s) involved as measured and the reduced mass of the system calculated using the atomic weights of the atoms involved in the molecule (Crabtree, 2005). Consequently, IR spectroscopic are very useful to obtain a fast confirmation of the presence of some functional groups (i.e. C=O, C=N). However, this method should not be used as a sole characterization technique, since, for example, although the hydride ligands from the hydridopalladium complexes are expected to have Ï…(Pd-H) stretches occurring in the distinctive region of 1950–2060 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum, they are often very weak signals and are also rather dependent on the trans effect of the opposite ligand (Negishi, 2002). 2.3.3. X-Ray crystallography The structural characterization in the solid state, namely that provided by X-ray crystallography is an extremely important part of organometallic chemistry. In the method, a beam of monochromatic X-rays pass through a single crystal of the sample. Consequently, this beam is diffracted in the crystal in various angles, providing in photography the pattern of the crystal spots. The intensity of this set of diffracted beams will depend on the nature and arrangement of the atoms in the unit cell. Thus, the intensities provide the information about the locations of the atoms in the unit cell, while the relative positions of the spots on the photography film carry the information about the arrangement of the unit cells in space (Negishi, 2002). The results of an X-ray structural determination should be represented as a diagram showing the positions of all the atoms in the molecule, as represented in the Figure 3 for two different organopalladium complex (i.e.{Pd[(p-(Noxyl-tert-butylamino- 2-)phenyl)diphenylphosphine]2Cl2}, and{(ÃŽ ·-C3H5)Pd [(p-(Noxyl-tert-butylamino-2-)phenyl)diphenylphosphine](Cl)}) (Leznoff et al., 1999). Figure 3.A typical X-ray crystallographic characterisation of two different organopalladium complex (from the reference (Leznoff et al., 1999)) However, in addition to being assured that organometallic compounds (i.e. organopalladium complex) allow the growth of crystals to be used in this technique, there are some limitations than need to be overcome. First of all, since the X-ray diffraction results are usually based on one only crystal, is necessary to ensure that this crystal is representative of the bulk and free of impurities. One way to check that each crystal is the same material as the bulk of the sample is using the information from the IR spectrum. Furthermore, it is necessary to ensure that the solid state is really the same as the structure of the same material in solution, since several organometallic complexes exist as one isomer in solution but as another in the solid state. This point is especially relevant when the solid state X-ray results are compared with the solution NMR data. Again, in this aspect IR spectroscopy can be also very useful because we can obtain a spectrum both in solution and in the solid state, which emphasizes the need for the information complementarity of these characterization techniques (Negishi, 2002). 3. Applications of palladium-catalysed organic reactions As already pointed out, since the second half of the twenty century, palladium had increased its relevance and role in organic chemistry, in particular in metal-catalysed reactions. Palladium, together with some other transition metals, have the unique property to activate a wide range of organic molecules and thus to catalyse various bond formations. This metal, by far is the most commonly used metal, is thus of utmost importance in a wide range of applications, not only in academic circles but also in industry (Schlosser, 2013). An example of this application is the Wacker process. This reaction, discovered in the 1960s, uses catalytic amounts of palladium to oxidize ethylene to acetaldehyde, and is still widely used in industrial applications (in 2007, was generating four million tons of acetaldehyde per year (Astruc, 2007)). Another factor that has emphasized the importance of using palladium as a catalyst of organic reactions in academic and industrial applications was the introduction of several palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions. This fact can easily be verified by more than 200 natural products and biologically active molecules synthesized making use of the Heck reaction (section 3.1.1) and the â€Å"ton scale† fine chemicals produced in the industry using the Suzuki reaction (section 3.1.3) (Schlosser, 2013). Furthermore, these reactions also allowed the total syntheses of molecules used in the in the production of several medical drugs such as Naproxen (anti-inflammatory drug), Taxol (anti-cancer drug), (Z)-tamoxifen (anti-cancer drug), and morphine (Carey and Sundberg, 2007; Schlosser, 2013). 3.1. Palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions The introduction, in the last quarter of the twenty century, of palladium as catalyst in carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions, a new paradigm for carbon–carbon bond formation has emerged allowing the assembly of highly complex molecular structures and completely changed how the chemical synthesis is performed (Nicolaou et al., 2005). The capability of this reactions to forge carbon–carbon bonds between or within functionalized and sensitive substrates have received an enormous amount of attention among the synthetic chemists, and their scope has been very significantly expanded during the last several years, not only in not only in total synthesis but also in medicinal, biology and nanotechnology (Nicolaou et al., 2005). In general, the palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions can be represented by the Scheme 5. However, in this equation, for any given combination of R1 and R2, several parameters should be changed or optimized, namely the metal countercation M, the leaving group X, the palladium catalyst, the introduction of some additives or co-catalysts, the solvent, and even others parameters such as temperature, time, concentration, and mode of addition (Schlosser, 2013). Scheme 5.Geral model of the palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions (based on reference (Schlosser, 2013)). The characteristics of an ideal palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reaction can be listed as follows (Schlosser, 2013): Varied and inexpensive methods to set up the coupling substrate functionality from commercially available starting materials Easily activated high-yielding coupling under mild conditions; Generation of the minimal amount of by-product preferably by employing low-molecular-weight donors; Excellent functional group compatibility; General stability of the cross-coupling substrates; Low toxicity of precursors, substrates, and generated by-products. In this review, despite the extremely long list of all the possible carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions involving Palladium as catalyst, it will focus on the reactions that embody several of the above mention characteristics and are most commonly used namely, the Heck, Stille, Suzuki, Sonogashira, Tsuji–Trost, and the Negishi reactions. These reactions, have truly revolutionized the organic synthesis field (Nicolaou et al., 2005), and, as already mentioned, should be noted that the authors and works that gave birth to three of these reactions (Heck, Negishi, and Suzuki) were recently awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry 2010 (Nobelprize.org, 2013), which emphasizes even more the importance of these reactions. 3.1.1. The Heck reaction The Heck cross coupling reaction has been developed independently by Mizoroki, (Mizoroki et al., 1971), and improved by Heck (Heck and Nolley, 1972) in the early seventies of the twentieth century. However, it took more than a decade for the potential of this reaction, be explored by the wider synthetic organic community, namely with the development of catalytic asymmetric Heck reactions (Nicolaou et al., 2005). The Heck reaction, as presented in Scheme 6, can be broadly defined as the palladium-catalysed coupling of a vinyl, aryl, benzyl halide or a trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf) group with an olefin to yield products which result from the substitution of a the hydrogen atom in the olefin coupling partner (Nicolaou et al., 2005). Scheme 6.The overall mechanism of the Heck reaction (R4 = aryl, benzy

Color of America :: essays research papers

Color of America Essay 1.) During the last few centuries many people have migrated to America. One of the main reasons for that is that they all hear about the American Dream and the Promise of America. The American Dream/Promise of America is pretty much a false idea. People from many different places hear that there is freedom and fairness here in this nation, and they hear that there is opportunity in America for everyone and that everyone had a word in things. This promise wasn’t really a promise though. For Native Americans, African-Americans, and other groups†¦this promise has been broken†¦mostly because the American Dream is obtainable†¦but very difficult to achieve. Let’s take African-Americans for example. African-Americans obviously have a very large difference compared to most others in the world. They are black. People seemed to have a difficult time accepting this and because the farmers and people working on plantations with slaves all got their slaves mainly from Africa and the blacks were chosen to be used by them to do all of their work. This made the blacks immediately a lower class of people and before they knew it they were getting pushed to the back of the bus and not allowed to use the same bathrooms or water fountains as white people. 2,) Today American life is like a tossed salad. When people starting migrating to America many years ago, this country was known as a melting pot. Meaning that everyone just pretty much blended in with each other. This became a problem though. People didn’t always mix very well, as they all had come from different cultures and had many cultural differences and also just many different lifestyles. If this country were a melting pot with immigrants from all over bringing over their culture, this country would be very difficult to live in. You could have people like the bushmen living right next door to upper class Americans that just don’t want people who walk around pretty much nude right next to them. That then has people of different groups striving for their cultural identity to be shown because they aren’t fitting into the Eurocentric ideal of an â€Å"American† culture. Saying that this country is like a tossed salad though is a lot different and a lot more realistic. This is saying that like vegetables in a salad, ethnic groups are being able to maintain their own identities while they can still participate in the culture of Americans.

Part Two Chapter V

V Alison Jenkins, the journalist from the Yarvil and District Gazette, had at last established which of the many Weedon households in Yarvil housed Krystal. It had been difficult: nobody was registered to vote at the address and no landline number was listed for the property. Alison visited Foley Road in person on Sunday, but Krystal was out, and Terri, suspicious and antagonistic, refused to say when she would be back or confirm that she lived there. Krystal arrived home a mere twenty minutes after the journalist had departed in her car, and she and her mother had another row. ‘Why din't ya tell her to wait? She was gonna interview me abou' the Fields an' stuff!' ‘Interview you? Fuck off. Wha' the fuck for?' The argument escalated and Krystal walked out again, off to Nikki's, with Terri's mobile in her tracksuit bottoms. She frequently made off with this phone; many rows were triggered by her mother demanding it back and Krystal pretending that she didn't know where it was. Dimly, Krystal hoped that the journalist might know the number somehow and call her directly. She was in a crowded, jangling cafe in the shopping centre, telling Nikki and Leanne all about the journalist, when the mobile rang. †Oo? Are you the journalist, like?' ‘†¦ o's ‘at †¦ ‘erri?' ‘It's Krystal. ‘Oo's this?' ‘†¦ ‘m your †¦ ‘nt †¦ other †¦ ‘ister.' †Oo?' shouted Krystal. One finger in the ear not pressed against the phone, she wove her way between the densely packed tables to reach a quieter place. ‘Danielle,' said the woman, loud and clear on the other end of the telephone. ‘I'm yer mum's sister.' ‘Oh, yeah,' said Krystal, disappointed. Fuckin' snobby bitch, Terri always said when Danielle's name came up. Krystal was not sure that she had ever met Danielle. ‘It's abou' your Great Gran.' †Oo?' ‘Nana Cath,' said Danielle impatiently. Krystal reached the balcony overlooking the shopping centre forecourt; reception was strong here; she stopped. ‘Wha's wrong with ‘er?' said Krystal. It felt as though her stomach was flipping over, the way it had done as a little girl, turning somersaults on a railing like the one in front of her. Thirty feet below, the crowds surged, carrying plastic bags, pushing buggies and dragging toddlers. ‘She's in South West General. She's been there a week. She's had a stroke.' ‘She's bin there a week?' said Krystal, her stomach still swooping. ‘Nobody told us.' ‘Yeah, well, she can't speak prop'ly, but she's said your name twice.' ‘Mine?' asked Krystal, clutching the mobile tightly. ‘Yeah. I think she'd like to see yeh. It's serious. They're sayin' she migh' not recover.' ‘Wha' ward is it?' asked Krystal, her mind buzzing. ‘Twelve. High-dependency. Visiting hours are twelve till four, six till eight. All righ'?' ‘Is it – ?' ‘I gotta go. I only wanted to let you know, in case you want to see her. ‘Bye.' The line went dead. Krystal lowered the mobile from her ear, staring at the screen. She pressed a button repeatedly with her thumb, until she saw the word ‘blocked'. Her aunt had withheld her number. Krystal walked back to Nikki and Leanne. They knew at once that something was wrong. ‘Go an' see ‘er,' said Nikki, checking the time on her own mobile. ‘Yeh'll ge' there fer two. Ge' the bus.' ‘Yeah,' said Krystal blankly. She thought of fetching her mother, of taking her and Robbie to go and see Nana Cath too, but there had been a huge row a year before, and her mother and Nana Cath had had no contact since. Krystal was sure that Terri would take an immense amount of persuading to go to the hospital, and was not sure that Nana Cath would be happy to see her. It's serious. They're saying she might not recover. †Ave yeh gor enough cash?' said Leanne, rummaging in her pockets as the three of them walked up the road towards the bus stop. ‘Yeah,' said Krystal, checking. ‘It's on'y a quid up the hospital, innit?' They had time to share a cigarette before the number twenty-seven arrived. Nikki and Leanne waved her off as though she were going somewhere nice. At the very last moment, Krystal felt scared and wanted to shout ‘Come with me!' But then the bus pulled away from the kerb, and Nikki and Leanne were already turning away, gossiping. The seat was prickly, covered in some old smelly fabric. The bus trundled onto the road that ran by the precinct and turned right into one of the main thoroughfares that led through all the big-name shops. Fear fluttered inside Krystal's belly like a foetus. She had known that Nana Cath was getting older and frailer, but somehow, vaguely, she had expected her to regenerate, to return to the heyday that had seemed to last so long; for her hair to turn black again, her spine to straighten and her memory to sharpen like her caustic tongue. She had never thought about Nana Cath dying, always associating her with toughness and invulnerability. If she had considered them at all, Krystal would have thought of the deformity to Nana Cath's chest, and the innumerable wrinkles criss-crossing her face, as honourable scars sustained during her successful battle to survive. Nobody close to Krystal had ever died of old age. (Death came to the young in her mother's circle, sometimes even before their faces and bodies had become emaciated and ravaged. The body that Krystal had found in the bathroom when she was six had been of a handsome young man, as white and lovely as a statue, or that was how she remembered him. But sometimes she found that memory confusing and doubted it. It was hard to know what to believe. She had often heard things as a child that adults later contradicted and denied. She could have sworn that Terri had said, ‘It was yer dad.' But then, much later, she had said, ‘Don' be so silly. Yer dad's not dead, ‘e's in Bristol, innee?' So Krystal had had to try and reattach herself to the idea of Banger, which was what everybody called the man they said was her father. But always, in the background, there had been Nana Cath. She had escaped foster care because of Nana Cath, ready and waiting in Pagford, a strong if uncomfortable safety net. Swearing and furious, she had swooped, equally aggressive to Terri and to the social workers, and taken her equally angry great-granddaughter home. Krystal did not know whether she had loved or hated that little house in Hope Street. It was dingy and it smelt of bleach; it gave you a hemmed-in feeling. At the same time, it was safe, entirely safe. Nana Cath would only let approved individuals in through the door. There were old-fashioned bath cubes in a glass jar on the end of the bath.) What if there were other people at Nana Cath's bedside, when she got there? She would not recognize half her own family, and the idea that she might come across strangers tied to her by blood scared her. Terri had several half-sisters, products of her father's multiple liaisons, whom even Terri had never met; but Nana Cath tried to keep up with them all, doggedly maintaining contact with the large disconnected family her sons had produced. Occasionally, over the years, relatives Krystal did not recognize had turned up at Nana Cath's while she was there. Krystal thought that they eyed her askance and said things about her under their voices to Nana Cath; she pretended not to notice and waited for them to leave, so that she could have Nana Cath to herself again. She especially disliked the idea that there were any other children in Nana Cath's life. (†Oo are they?' Krystal had asked Nana Cath when she was nine, pointing jealously at a framed photograph of two boys in Paxton High uniforms on Nana Cath's sideboard. ‘Them's two o' my great-grandsons,' said Nana Cath. ‘Tha's Dan and tha's Ricky. They're your cousins.' Krystal did not want them as cousins, and she did not want them on Nana Cath's sideboard. ‘An' who's tha'?' she demanded, pointing at a little girl with curly golden hair. ‘Tha's my Michael's little girl, Rhiannon, when she were five. Beau'iful, weren't she? Bu' she wen' an' married some wog,' said Nana Cath. There had never been a photograph of Robbie on Nana Cath's sideboard. Yeh don't even know who the father is, do yeh, yer whore? I'm washin' my ‘ands of yeh. I've ‘ad enough, Terri, I've ‘ad it: you can look after it yourself.) The bus trundled on through town, past all the Sunday afternoon shoppers. When Krystal had been small, Terri had taken her into the centre of Yarvil nearly every weekend, forcing her into a pushchair long past the age when Krystal needed it, because it was so much easier to hide nicked stuff with a pushchair, push it down under the kid's legs, hide it under the bags in the basket under the seat. Sometimes Terri would go on tandem shoplifting trips with the sister she spoke to, Cheryl, who was married to Shane Tully. Cheryl and Terri lived four streets away from each other in the Fields, and petrified the air with their language when they argued, which was frequently. Krystal never knew whether she and her Tully cousins were supposed to be on speaking terms or not, and no longer bothered keeping track, but she spoke to Dane whenever she ran across him. They had shagged, once, after splitting a bottle of cider out on the rec when they were fourteen. Neither of them had ever mentioned i t afterwards. Krystal was hazy on whether or not it was legal, doing your cousin. Something Nikki had said had made her think that maybe it wasn't. The bus rolled up the road that led to the main entrance of South West General, and stopped twenty yards from an enormous long rectangular grey and glass building. There were patches of neat grass, a few small trees and a forest of signposts. Krystal followed two old ladies out of the bus and stood with her hands in her tracksuit pockets, looking around. She had already forgotten what kind of ward Danielle had told her Nana Cath was on; she recalled only the number twelve. She approached the nearest signpost with a casual air, squinting at it almost incidentally: it bore line upon line of impenetrable print, with words as long as Krystal's arm and arrows pointing left, right, diagonally. Krystal did not read well; being confronted with large quantities of words made her feel intimidated and aggressive. After several surreptitious glances at the arrows, she decided that there were no numbers there at all, so she followed the two old ladies towards the double glass doors at the front of the main building. The foyer was crowded and more confusing than the signposts. There was a bustling shop, which was separated from the main hall by floor to ceiling windows; there were rows of plastic chairs, which seemed to be full of people eating sandwiches; there was a packed cafe in the corner; and a kind of hexagonal counter in the middle of the floor, where women were answering enquiries as they checked their computers. Krystal headed there, her hands still in her pockets. ‘Where's ward twelve?' Krystal asked one of the women in a surly voice. ‘Third floor,' said the woman, matching her tone. Krystal did not want to ask anything else out of pride, so she turned and walked away, until she spotted lifts at the far end of the foyer and entered one going up. It took her nearly fifteen minutes to find the ward. Why didn't they put up numbers and arrows, not these stupid long words? But then, walking along a pale green corridor with her trainers squeaking on the linoleum floor, someone called her name. ‘Krystal?' It was her aunt Cheryl, big and broad in a denim skirt and tight white vest, with banana-yellow black-rooted hair. She was tattooed from her knuckles to the tops of her thick arms, and wore multiple gold hoops like curtain rings in each ear. There was a can of Coke in her hand. ‘She ain' bothered, then?' said Cheryl. Her bare legs were planted firmly apart, like a sentry guard. †Oo?' ‘Terri. She din' wanna come?' ‘She don' know ye'. I on'y jus' ‘eard. Danielle called an' tole me.' Cheryl ripped off the ring-pull and slurped Coke, her tiny eyes sunken in a wide, flat face that was mottled like corned beef, scrutinizing Krystal over the top of the can. ‘I tole Danielle ter call yeh when it ‘appened. Three days she were lyin' in the ‘ouse, and no one fuckin' found ‘er. The state of ‘er. Fuckin' ‘ell.' Krystal did not ask Cheryl why she herself had not walked the short distance to Foley Road to tell Terri the news. Evidently the sisters had fallen out again. It was impossible to keep up. ‘Where is she?' asked Krystal. Cheryl led the way, her flip-flops making a slapping noise on the floor. ‘Hey,' she said, as they walked. ‘I ‘ad a call fr'm a journalist about you.' ‘Didja?' ‘She give me a number.' Krystal would have asked more questions, but they had entered a very quiet ward, and she was suddenly frightened. She did not like the smell. Nana Cath was almost unrecognizable. One side of her face was terribly twisted, as though the muscles had been pulled with a wire. Her mouth dragged to one side; even her eye seemed to droop. There were tubes taped to her, a needle in her arm. Lying down, the deformity in her chest was much more obvious. The sheet rose and fell in odd places, as if the grotesque head on its scrawny neck protruded from a barrel. When Krystal sat down beside her, Nana Cath made no movement. She simply gazed. One little hand trembled slightly. ‘She ain' talkin', bu' she said yer name, twice, las' nigh',' Cheryl told her, staring gloomily over the rim of her can. There was a tightness in Krystal's chest. She did not know whether it would hurt Nana Cath to hold her hand. She edged her own fingers to within a few inches of Nana Cath's, but let them rest on the bedspread. ‘Rhiannon's bin in,' said Cheryl. ‘An' John an' Sue. Sue's tryin' ter get hold of Anne-Marie.' Krystal's spirits leapt. ‘Where is she?' she asked Cheryl. ‘Somewhere out Frenchay way. Y'know she's got a baby now?' ‘Yeah, I ‘eard,' said Krystal. ‘Wha' was it?' ‘Dunno,' said Cheryl, swigging Coke. Someone at school had told her: Hey, Krystal, your sister's up the duff! She had been excited by the news. She was going to be an auntie, even if she never saw the baby. All her life, she had been in love with the idea of Anne-Marie, who had been taken away before Krystal was born; spirited into another dimension, like a fairy-tale character, as beautiful and mysterious as the dead man in Terri's bathroom. Nana Cath's lips moved. ‘Wha'?' said Krystal, bending low, half scared, half elated. ‘D'yeh wan' somethin', Nana Cath?' asked Cheryl, so loudly that whispering guests at other beds stared over. Krystal could hear a wheezing, rattling noise, but Nana Cath seemed to be making a definite attempt to form a word. Cheryl was leaning over the other side, one hand gripping the metal bars at the head of the bed. ‘†¦ Oh †¦ mm,' said Nana Cath. ‘Wha'?' said Krystal and Cheryl together. The eyes had moved millimetres: rheumy, filmy eyes, looking at Krystal's smooth young face, her open mouth, as she leaned over her great-grandmother, puzzled, eager and fearful. ‘†¦ owin †¦' said the cracked old voice. ‘She dunno wha' she's sayin',' Cheryl shouted over her shoulder at the timid couple visiting at the next bed. ‘Three days lef' on the fuckin' floor, ‘s'not surprisin', is it?' But tears had blurred Krystal's eyes. The ward with its high windows dissolved into white light and shadow; she seemed to see a flash of bright sunlight on dark green water, fragmented into brilliant shards by the splashing rise and fall of oars. ‘Yeah,' she whispered to Nana Cath. ‘Yeah, I goes rowin', Nana.' But it was no longer true, because Mr Fairbrother was dead.

Biography of Nellie McClung, Canadian Activist

Biography of Nellie McClung, Canadian Activist Nellie McClung (October 20, 1873–September 1, 1951) was a Canadian womens suffragette and temperance advocate. She became famous as one of the Famous Five Alberta women who initiated and won the Persons Case to have women recognized as persons under the BNA Act. She was also a popular novelist and author. Fast Facts: Nellie McClung Known For: Canadian suffragette and authorAlso Known As: Helen Letitia MooneyBorn: October 20, 1873 in Chatsworth, Ontario, CanadaParents: John Mooney, Letitia McCurdy.Died: September 1, 1951 in Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaEducation: Teachers College in Winnipeg, ManitobaPublished Works:  Sowing Seeds in Danny, Flowers for the Living; A Book of Short Stories, Clearing in the West: My Own Story, The Stream Runs Fast: My Own StoryAwards and Honors:  Named one of Canadas  first honorary senatorsSpouse: Robert Wesley McClungChildren: Florence, Paul, Jack, Horace, MarkNotable Quote: Why are pencils equipped with erasers if not to correct mistakes? Early Life Nellie McClung was born Helen Letitia Mooney on October 20, 1873 and was raised on a homestead in Manitoba. She received very little formal education until the age of 10 but nevertheless received a teaching certificate at age 16. She married pharmacist Robert Wesley McClung at 23 and joined her mother-in-law as an active member of the Manitou Womans Christian Temperance Union. As a young woman, she wrote her first novel, Sowing Seeds in Danny, a humorous book about western country life that went on to become a best seller. She then went on to write stories and articles for various magazines. Early Activism and Politics In 1911, the McClungs moved to  Winnipeg, and it was there that Nellies powerful speaking skills became valuable in the political arena. From 1911–1914, Nellie McClung fought for womens suffrage. In the 1914 and 1915 Manitoba provincial elections, she campaigned for the Liberal Party on the issue of women voting. Nellie McClung helped organize the Winnipeg Political Equality League, a group devoted to helping working women. A dynamic and witty public speaker, Nellie McClung lectured frequently on temperance and womens suffrage. In 1914, Nellie McClung acted as the role of Manitoba Premier Sir Rodmond Roblin in the mock Womens Parliament intended to show the absurdity of denying women the vote. In 1915, the McClung family moved to Edmonton Alberta; in 1921, Nellie McClung was elected to the Alberta legislative assembly as an opposition Liberal for the riding of Edmonton. She was defeated in 1926. The Persons Case Nellie McClung was one of the Famous Five in the Persons Case, which established the status of women as persons under the law.  The Persons Case related to the British North America Act (BNA Act) which referred to persons as males. When Canadas first female police magistrate was appointed, challengers argued that the BNA Act did not consider women as persons and they could not, therefore, be appointed to official positions of power. McClung was one of five Alberta women who fought against the wording of the BNA Act. After a series of defeats, the British Privy Council (Canadas highest court of appeals) ruled in favor of the women. This was a major victory for womens rights; the Privy Council stated that the exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than ours. And to those who would ask why the word persons should include females, the obvious answer is, why should it not? Just a few months later, the first woman was appointed to the Canadian Senate. Later Career The McClung family moved to Vancouver Island in 1933. There, Nellie continued writing, focusing on her two-volume autobiography, short stories, and non-fiction. She served on the CBCs board of governors, became a delegate to the League of Nations, and continued her public speaking work. She wrote a total of 16 books, including the acclaimed In Times Like These. Causes Nellie McClung was a strong advocate for the rights of women. In addition, she worked on causes including temperance, factory safety, old age pensions, and public nursing services. She was also, along with some of her Famous Five colleagues, a strong supporter of eugenics. She believed in involuntary sterilization of the disabled and played a major role in pushing through the Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act passed in 1928. In her 1915 book,  In Times Like These, she wrote: [...] to bring children into the world, suffering from the handicaps caused by ignorance, poverty, or criminality of the parents, is an appalling crime against the innocent and hopeless, and yet one about which practically nothing is said. Marriage, homemaking, and the rearing of children are left entirely to chance, and so it is no wonder that humanity produces so many specimens who, if they were silk stockings or boots, would be marked â€Å"seconds.† Death McClung died of natural causes at her home in  Saanich  (Victoria),  British Columbia, on September 1, 1951. Legacy McClung is a complex figure for feminists. On the one hand, she fought for and helped to achieve a major political and legal goal, formalizing the rights of women as persons under the law. On the other hand, she was also a strong advocate for traditional family structure and for eugenics- an extremely unpopular concept in todays world. Sources Famous 5 Foundation.â€Å"Nellie McClung.†Ã‚  The Canadian Encyclopedia.The Nellie McClung Foundation.